Rand Formula[< Ivan C. Rand, b. 1884, judge of the Supreme Court of Canada]
See 1966 quote.
1959  That year [1945] he also successfully arbitrated the bitter 99-day Ford Motor Co. of Canada strike by proposing the Rand formula, now widely adopted in Canadian industry. . . .
1963  Our demand for the Rand Formula is a most important and justified demand and it is my sincere hope that this year our Union is going to fight for it.
1966  Mr. Justice Rand was the originator of the Rand formula, which requires all employees to pay union dues but makes actual membership in the union voluntary.